Highlights from Dr. David Mee-Lee's May Newsletter:Levels of Counselor Involvement with FamiliesLevel 1: Counselor has little or no involvement with family
- May contact families for practical and legal reasons, but provides no services to them.
- Counselor views the individual in treatment as the only client.
- May even feel that the client must be protected from family contact.
- Not uncommon for the family of a client to be regarded as a liability for the client.
Level 2: Counselor provides psychoeducation and advice
Knowledge baseCounselor’s primary focus is on the client’s substance abuse, but he or she is aware that it affects family relationships and that counseling will change family dynamics.
Examples: Family may increase its blaming of the person who is abusing alcohol or other drugs; substance use problems among other family members may be exposed; family secrets may be revealed.
Relationship to family systemCounselor is open to engaging clients and families in a collaborative way.
- Advising families about how to handle the rehabilitative needs of the client.
- Knowing how to channel communication through one or two key members.
- Identifying gross family dysfunction that interferes with substance abuse treatment.
- Referring the family for specialized family therapy treatment.
Level 3: Counselor addresses family members’ feelings and provides support
Knowledge baseCounselor understands normal family development and family reactions to stress.
Relationship to family systemCounselor is aware of personal feelings in relating to the client and family.
Skills- Asking questions that elicit family members’ expressions of concern and feelings related to the client’s condition and its effects on the family.
- Empathically listening to family members’ concerns and feelings and, where appropriate, normalizing them.
- Forming a preliminary assessment of the family’s level of functioning as it relates to the client’s problems.
- Encouraging family members in their efforts to cope with their situation as a family.
- Tailoring substance abuse education to the unique needs, concerns and feelings of the family.
- Identifying family dysfunction and fitting referral recommendations to the unique situation of the family.
Level 4: Counselor provides systematic assessment and planned intervention
Knowledge baseCounselor understands the concept of family systems.
Relationship to family systemCounselor is aware of his or her own participation in systems, including the therapeutic relationship, the treatment system, his or her own family system, and larger community system.
Skills- Engaging family members, including reluctant ones, in a planned family conference or a series of conferences.
- Structuring a conference with even a poorly communicating family in such a way that all members have a chance to express themselves.
- Systematically assessing the family’s level of functioning.
- Supporting individual members while avoiding coalitions.
- Reframing the family’s definition of its problem in a way that makes problem-solving more achievable.
- Helping family members view their difficulties as requiring new forms of collaborative efforts.
- Helping family members generate alternative, mutually acceptable ways to cope with difficulties.
- Helping the family balance its coping efforts by calibrating various roles so that members can support each other without sacrificing autonomy.
- Identifying family dysfunction beyond the scope of primary care treatment; orchestrating a referral by informing the family and the specialist about what to expect from each other.
Level 5: Family Therapy
Knowledge baseThe counselor has received training and supervision to move to this level of expertise. He understands family systems and patterns typical of dysfunctional families and interacts with professionals in other health care systems.
Relationship to family systemThe counselor can handle intense emotions in families and in him- or herself and maintain neutrality despite strong pressure from family members (or other professionals) to take sides.
Skills- Interviewing families or family members who are difficult to engage.
- Efficiently generating and testing hypotheses about the family’s difficulties and interaction patterns.
- Escalating conflict in the family in order to break a family impasse.
- Temporarily siding with the one family member against another.
- Constructively dealing with a family’s strong resistance to change.
- Negotiating collaborative relationships with professionals from other systems that are working with the family, even when these groups are at odds with one another.